The first output of this project is a comprehensive review of existing legal mechanisms for M&E of Transboundary Conservation Initiatives (TCIs) and of existing frameworks and tools for M&E of TCIs. The analsys uses a Common Property Principle approach to frame Transboundary Natural Resources as common property, thus providing a set of relevant guidelines to create an M&E system that is cognisant of existing legal frameworks, tools and guidelines for the Southern African region, and the indicators thereof.